Industry Standard Architecture

                              Industry Standard Architecture 

                                                                      the IndustryStandardArchitecture or 

 ISA (Pronounced as separate letters or as eye-sa) bus began as part of IBM's revolutionary PC/XT and PC/AT released in 1981. However, it was officially recognized as "ISA" in 1987 when the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) formally documented standards governing its 16-bit implementation. AT version of the bus is called the AT bus and became a de facto industry standard.

History

ISA stands for Industry standard architecture. It was the original IBM expansion bus and initially no standard was assigned to it. Its first version was the 8 bit bus and it ran at the speed of about 7 MHz. 

In 1984, with the advent of PC AT (Intel 286), the bus width is increased to 16 bits and the frequency successively6 to 8 MHz, 8.33 MHz and finally, providing a theoretical maximum of 16 MB / s (in practice only 8 MB / s as a cycle of two was used for addressing).

The second generation of PC's used 16 bit ISA expansion bus which also ran at the same speed i.e. 7 MHz initially. The later cards allow speed of 8.33 MHz for the 16 bit ISA bus. Nowadays the I/O devices are much faster than their speed but still the ISA connectors are usually included in PC's to make them is backward compatible with the slower ISA cards.

Current motherboards no longer include ISA bus, PCI bus replaced by the faster and Plug & Play.51YEyPqvkTk

ISA bus architecture

ISA bus architecture is the basis of personal computer. 8-bit ISA bus is used in single user systems with 80386 and 80486 processors. There are 24 address lines and '16 data lines in it. It operates at 8 MHz and 2 to 8 clock cycles are needed to transfer data. The data transfer rate of the system is less when 8-bit ISA bus is used with 32 bit processor having 32 bit address and data bus. So, 16 bit ISA bus is used to transfer data. Many peripherals such as disk controller, printer, and scanner can be connected to ISA bus.